The Invalidity of the Senses Implies The Invalidity of Knowledge

1. All knowledge is either perceptual or conceptual;
2. all conceptual knowledge is based in perceptual knowledge;
3. therefore, the invalidity of the senses implies the invalidity of knowledge.

If the senses are not valid, if they are not instruments that provide a knowledge of reality, then neither are concepts, and the whole cognitive enterprise is aborted. If seeing is not believing, then thinking is worthless as well.¹